Estudo ex vivo da elevação do pH em superfície radicular externa após agitação ultrassônica de diferentes pastas de hidróxido de cálcio / Assessment of pH increase in the external root surface after ultrasonic agitation of different calcium hydroxide pastes: Ex vivo study

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar, ex vivo, a capacidade de elevação do pH da superfície radicular externa de diferentes pastas de hidróxido de cálcio (HC) utilizadas como medicação intracanal, além da influência da ativação ultrassônica (AUS) durante aplicação no interior do canal radicular. Métodos: Foram utilizados 100 incisivos humanos superiores unirradiculares, que tiveram os canais radiculares modelados e divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos experimentais (n=15), de acordo com a pasta de HC, tendo como variáveis as medicações utilizadas e a ativação da pasta com AUS no momento da aplicação, além de um grupo controle (n=10): Pasta Calen; HC+clorexidina 2% gel (CX2%); e HC + água destilada. Os dentes foram mantidos imersos em água deionizada e as medidas do pH, verificadas nos períodos de 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, com auxílio de pHmetro. Resultados: De acordo com os dados obtidos, verificou-se elevação do pH nos períodos de 7 e 14 dias em todos os grupos. Apenas os grupos em que foi utilizada a associação do HC com CX2% apresentou evolução com aumento significativo do pH ao longo dos períodos analisados (p<0,05). A ativação das pastas com AUS proporcionou incremento significativo dos valores de pH (p<0,05). Conclusão: De acordo com a metodologia empregada, pode-se concluir que todas as pastas utilizadas promovem elevação do pH no tecido dentinário, e a ativação das pastas com AUS influencia significativamente na elevação do pH no tecido dentinário (AU).

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate, ex-vivo, the pH elevation capacity on the external root surface of different calcium hydroxide (HC) pastes, utilized as intracanal medication, it was also evaluated the influence of the ultrasonic activation at the application within the root canal. Methods: 100 human single root superior incisors were used, which had their root canals shaped and randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n=15) according to the following HC pastes: Calen; HC + Chlorhex- idine 2% gel (CX2%); HC + distilled water, utilizing the medications and the ultrasonic activation of the paste at the time of the application as variables and 1 control group (n=10). The teeth were kept immersed in deionized water and the pH parameters were verified in 7, 14, 21 and 28 days with a pH measurement machine. Results: According to the data obtained, pH was elevated in the first week in all groups. Only the groups which the association of HC with CX2% was made, did show a significant increase in the pH level over the analyzed periods (p < 0,05). The activation of the pastes with US provided a significant increase in pH values (p < 0,05). Conclusion: According to the methodology used, we can conclude that all the HC pastes used, promote pH elevation in dentin tissue. And the acti- vation of the pastes with US significantly influences the pH increase in dentin tissue

Manejo médico de los cálculos renales de ácido úrico, a próposito de un caso / Medical management of uric acid kidney stones, about a case

Los cálculos urinarios de ácido úrico corresponden a una patología frecuente e importante en nuestra práctica clínica. El tratamiento conservador mediante medidas higiénico-dietéticas y la correcta alcalinización urinaria mediante citrato y teobromina parece ser una combinación prometedora para el tratamiento y resolución de estas litiasis. Así lo pone de manifiesto uno de nuestros casos, donde se observa la resolución completa de una litiasis coraliforme de ácido úrico durante 12 semanas de tratamiento con Alopurinol y Lit-Control pH Up sin observar reacciones adversas y evitando la necesidad de medidas quirúrgicas invasivas.(AU)

Uric acid renal stones are a frequent and important part of our clinical practice. Conservative treatment through diet and urine alkalinization with citrate and teobromina seem a promising combination for treatment of those stones. We show on our cases a complete resolution of staghorn stone at 12 weeks of allopurinol and lit-control pH Up treatment, without adverse events and avoiding surgical treatment.(AU)

Ácido 2-4 diclorofenoxiacético, un herbicida olvidado: reporte de dos casos / 2-4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a forgotten herbicide: Two case report / Ácido 2-4 diclorofenoxiacético, um herbicida esquecido: reporte de dois casos

Los plaguicidas están entre las principales causas de intoxicación por sustancias químicas en Colombia. Entre ellos se cuentan herbicidas como el paraquat, el glifosato y el ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D). Este último es uno de los herbicidas más usados en el mundo y la intoxicación por causa de este tiene una presentación similar a la intoxicación por inhibidores de la colinesterasa. El abordaje clínico de la intoxicación por 2,4-D es un reto para el primer respondiente, pues el cuadro sintomático es amplio dados los diferentes efectos de la sustancia, entre los que están el gastrointestinal, el metabólico, el renal, el neurológico, y, por supuesto, el toxicológico. Si bien la alcalinización urinaria es una piedra angular del manejo, cada vez hay más información sobre la efectividad y seguridad del uso de la hemodiálisis en casos graves. En este reporte se presentan los casos de dos pacientes con ingesta de 2,4-D, los únicos reportados en Colombia.

In Colombia one of the main sources of intoxication for chemical compounds are pesticides, finding in this groups herbicides like Paraquat, Glyphosate and 2,4-D, the last is one of the most used herbicides worldwide, finding similar clinical manifestations from those intoxications due to cholinesterase inhibitors. The access to this patient might represent a great challenge for the primary responder, because the symptomatic manifestations are wide due to the different risks it configures, like gastrointestinal, metabolic, renal, neurologic, and toxicological risk. Urinary alkalization was the recommended strategy for the management of this intoxication, but the evidence so far shows better safety and effectiveness using hemodialysis in the most severe cases. Then, the clinical cases of two patients with 2,4-D intake are presented, being those the only ones reported in Colombia so far.

Os praguicidas estão entre as principais causas de intoxicação por substâncias químicas na Colômbia. Entre eles se encontram herbicidas como o Paraquat, o glifosato e o ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D). Este último é um dos herbicidas mais usados no mundo e a intoxicação por causa deste tem uma apresentação similar à intoxicação por inibidores da colinesterase. A abordagem clínica da intoxicação por 2,4-D é um desafio para o primeiro respondente, pois o quadro sintomático é amplo dados os diferentes efeitos da substância, entre os que está o gastrointestinal, o metabólico, o renal, o neurológico, e, por suposto, o toxicológico. Se bem que a alcalinização urinária é uma pedra angular do manejo, cada vez mais há mais informação sobre a efetividade e segurança do uso da hemodiálise nos casos graves. Neste reporte se apresentam os casos de dois pacientes com ingestão de 2,4-D, os únicos reportados na Colômbia.

Evolución del reflujo gastroesofágico tras la gastrectomía vertical laparoscópica. Estudio radiológico, manométrico y pH-métrico / Evolution of gastroesophageal reflux after laparoscopic vertical gastrectomy. A radiographic, manometric and pH-metric study

Introducción: la relación entre la gastrectomía vertical laparoscópica (GVL) y el reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) es aún controvertida, por lo que su investigación tiene gran interés para llegar a conclusiones definitivas. Nuestro objetivo es determinar si la GVL modifica el RGE pH-métrico de los pacientes obesos y, en caso de que así sea, analizar algunos factores que pudieran explicarlo. Pacientes y métodos: incluimos los primeros 26 pacientes que recibieron una GVL en nuestro centro. Se realizaron un tránsito baritado, una pH-metría ambulatoria de 24 horas y una manometría intraluminal esofágica (MIE) con cuatro canales previamente y al año de la operación. Resultados: de los datos pH-métricos, el índice de DeMeester mostró un aumento significativo (p = 0.028) tras la intervención, mientras que los demás parámetros fueron similares. Por otra parte, se observó que el 50% de los pacientes con RGE pH-métrico preoperatorio mostraron tasas normales al año de la operación. En la MIE objetivamos que la presión del esfínter esofágico inferior (EEI) disminuyó, así como la amplitud media de las ondas en el tercio distal esofágico (p = 0,007 y p = 0,025, respectivamente). En el estudio radiológico la tasa de hernias de hiato "de novo" fue del 36,4%. Conclusión: la GVL determina un aumento leve del RGE, probablemente relacionado con la aparición de hernias de hiato así como con una disminución de la presión del EEI y de la capacidad de barrido esofágico. Sin embargo, no debe contraindicarse la GVL a pacientes con RGE preoperatorio pH-métrico pues puede negativizarse tras la operación

Introduction: the relationship between laparoscopic vertical gastrectomy (LVG) and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is still controversial. Therefore, its study is of great interest in order to obtain definitive conclusions. The goal of the study was to establish whether LVG modifies pH-metric GER in obese patients and to analyze the associated factors. Patients and methods: the first 26 patients who underwent LVG in our institution were enrolled in the study. A barium swallow, 24-hour ambulatory pH-metry and four-channel intraluminal esophageal manometry (IEM) were all performed before and one year after surgery. Results: among the pH-metric data, there was a significant increase in the DeMeester index after the procedure (p = 0.028), while other parameters remained unchanged. Furthermore, 50% of patients with preoperative pH-metric GER had normal values at one year after surgery. IEM showed a decrease in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and in the mean wave amplitude at the distal third of the esophagus (p = 0.007 and p = 0.025, respectively). The rate of newly-developed hiatal hernias in the radiographic study was 36.4%. Conclusion: LVG mildly increases GER, which is likely related to the development of hiatal hernias and a decrease in LES pressure and esophageal sweep. However, LVG should not be contraindicated for patients with preoperative pH-metric GER, as this may clear after the procedure

Rabdomiólisis y antipsicóticos / Rhabdomyolysis and antipsychotics

No disponible

Evaluation of alkali and thermotolerant lipase from an indigenous isolated Bacillus strain for detergent formulation

Background: Lipases are used in detergent industries to minimise the use of phosphate-based chemicals in detergent formulations. The use of lipase in household laundry reduces environmental pollution and enhances the ability of detergent to remove tough oil or grease stains. Results: A lipase-producing indigenous Bacillus subtilis strain [accession no. KT985358] was isolated from the foothills of Trikuta mountain in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The lipase (BSK-L) produced by this strain expressed alkali and thermotolerance. Lipase has an optimal activity at pH 8.0 and temperature 37°C, whereas it is stable at pH 6.0­9.0 and showed active lipolytic activity at temperatures 30 to 60°C. Furthermore, lipase activity was found to be stimulated in the presence of the metal ions Mn2+, K+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Ca2+. This lipase was resistant to surfactants, oxidising agents and commercial detergents, suggesting it as a potential candidate for detergent formulation. BSK-L displayed noticeable capability to remove oil stains when used in different washing solutions containing buffer, lipase and commercial detergent. The maximum olive oil removal percentage obtained was 68% when the optimum detergent concentration (Fena) was 0.3%. The oil removal percentage from olive oil-soiled cotton fabric increased with 40 U/mL of lipase. Conclusions: This BSK-L enzyme has the potential for removing oil stains by developing a pre-soaked solution for detergent formulation and was compatible with surfactants, oxidising agents and commercial detergents.

Co-production of hydrogen and ethanol by Escherichia coli SS1 and its recombinant

Background: The development of a potential single culture that can co-produce hydrogen and ethanol is beneficial for industrial application. Strain improvement via molecular approach was proposed on hydrogen and ethanol co-producing bacterium, Escherichia coli SS1. Thus, the effect of additional copy of native hydrogenase gene hybC on hydrogen and ethanol co-production by E. coli SS1 was investigated. Results: Both E. coli SS1 and the recombinant hybC were subjected to fermentation using 10 g/L of glycerol at initial pH 7.5. Recombinant hybC had about 2-fold higher cell growth, 5.2-fold higher glycerol consumption rate and 3-fold higher ethanol productivity in comparison to wild-type SS1. Nevertheless, wild-type SS1 reported hydrogen yield of 0.57 mol/mol glycerol and ethanol yield of 0.88 mol/mol glycerol, which were 4- and 1.4-fold higher in comparison to recombinant hybC. Glucose fermentation was also conducted for comparison study. The performance of wild-type SS1 and recombinant hybC showed relatively similar results during glucose fermentation. Additional copy of hybC gene could manipulate the glycerol metabolic pathway of E. coli SS1 under slightly alkaline condition. Conclusions: HybC could improve glycerol consumption rate and ethanol productivity of E. coli despite lower hydrogen and ethanol yields. Higher glycerol consumption rate of recombinant hybC could be an advantage for bioconversion of glycerol into biofuels. This study could serve as a useful guidance for dissecting the role of hydrogenase in glycerol metabolism and future development of effective strain for biofuels production.

Síndrome de lisis tumoral en neoplasias sólidas: características clínicas y pronóstico / Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: clinical characteristics and prognosis

Introducción y objetivos: El síndrome de lisis tumoral (SLT) es una complicación poco frecuente en neoplasias sólidas tras el inicio de tratamiento, y su desarrollo espontáneo (SLTE) es excepcional. En este estudio se analizan las principales características clínicas y pronósticas de una serie de casos con SLT y SLTE. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional que incluyó a todos los pacientes con neoplasias sólidas diagnosticados de SLT y SLTE en nuestro hospital en un período de 16 años, siguiendo los criterios de Cairo-Bishop. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 pacientes (edad media 63 ± 16 años): 10 pacientes (53%) presentaban SLT y 9 (47%) SLTE. En 8 casos (42%) el tumor primario fue de pulmón. Todos los pacientes presentaban deterioro grave de función renal en el momento del diagnóstico, asociándose con hiperuricemia (16 ± 6 mg/dl) e hiperpotasemia (6 ± 0,9 mmol/l). A pesar del tratamiento con sueroterapia, alcalinización y rasburicasa, 3 pacientes (16%) requirieron tratamiento dialítico y 12 (63%) acabaron falleciendo durante el ingreso. Conclusiones: El desarrollo de SLT en neoplasias sólidas se asocia a una elevada mortalidad, por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha para el diagnóstico e inicio precoz de tratamiento (AU)

Introduction and objective: Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is an uncommon complication in solid tumors following treatment initiation, and its spontaneous development (STLS) is exceptional. In this study, we analyse the main clinical and prognostic features of a case series with TLS and STLS. Material and methods: Observational retrospective study in which we included all patients with solid tumours diagnosed with TLS and STLS over a period of 16 years, according to Cairo-Bishop criteria. Results: Nineteen patients were included in the study (mean age 63 ± 16 years): 10 patients (53%) with TLS, and 9 (47%) STLS. The primary tumour in 8 cases (42%) was lung cancer. All patients had severe renal impairment at the time of diagnosis along with hyperuricemia (16 ± 6 mg/dl) and hyperkalemia (6 ± 0.9 mmol/l). Despite treatment with intravenous fluids, urinary alkalinisation and rasburicase, 3 patients (16%) required dialysis, and 12 (63%) died during the follow-up period. Conclusions: The development of TLS in solid tumors is associated with increased mortality and therefore, a high index of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis and treatment initiation (AU)

The influence of pH, polyethylene glycol and polyacrylic acid on the stability of stem bromelain

Enzyme stability is critical in biotechnology, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Investigations on this subject have drawn attention because of its practical application. Bromelain is a thiol-endopeptidase, obtained from pineapple (Ananas comosus), known for its clinical and therapeutic applications, particularly to selective burn debridement and improvement of antibiotic action and anti-inflammatory activities. To date, the use of bromelain in pharmacological or industrial applications is limited, due to commercial availability, costs, and sensitivity to pH and temperature. Therefore, a better understanding of enzyme stability would be of great interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate bromelain activity and stability in several pH (2.0 to 8.0) and in polyethylene glycol and polyacrylic acid solutions. We observed that bromelain was able to maintain its stability at pH 5.0 for the temperatures studied. PEG solutions increased bromelain stability, but PAA solutions had the opposite effect.

Estabilidade de enzimas é uma questão fundamental em indústrias biotecnológicas, farmacêuticas e cosméticas. As investigações sobre o assunto têm chamado a atenção por sua aplicação prática. A bromelina é uma tiol-endopeptidase, obtida a partir do abacaxi (Ananas comosus). É conhecida por suas aplicações clínicas e terapêuticas, especialmente para desbridamento seletivo de queimaduras, melhoria de ações antibiótica e de atividades anti-inflamatórias. Até o momento, a utilização da bromelina em aplicações farmacológicas industriais é limitada, devido à disponibilidade comercial, os custos, a sensibilidade ao pH e temperatura. Portanto, a maior compreensão da estabilidade desta enzima seria de grande interesse. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade da atividade da bromelina em vários pH (2,0 a 8,0) e em soluções de polietilenoglicol e de ácido poliacrílico. Observamos que a bromelina foi capaz de manter a sua estabilidade em pH 5.0, em todas as temperaturas estudadas. Soluções de PEG aumentaram a estabilidade da bromelina, enquanto que soluções de PAA obtiveram efeito oposto.

Efecto del ejercicio anaeróbico láctico sobre el pH salival / The effect of anaerobic lactic acid-producing exercise on salivary pH

Introducción: Valores bajos del pH salival están fuertemente relacionados con un mayor riesgo de caries dental. El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar los cambios en los valores del pH salival tras la realización de ejercicio anaeróbico máximo, su posible relación con el valor de lactato sanguíneo, y el análisis del estado de la cavidad bucal en atletas de disciplinas de carácter anaeróbico. Material y métodos: Estudio de naturaleza experimental, con la participación de 6 sujetos (3 hombres, 3 mujeres; edad 21,67 ± 5,32 años; peso 61 ± 7,18 kg; altura 1,70 ± 0,05 m), atletas de nivel alto, no de élite. Los sujetos realizaron 2 sesiones (S1, S2) de ejercicio anaeróbico láctico con los mismos criterios (máximo número de series de 300 m en pista al 90% de la intensidad máxima individual). Se tomaron muestras de saliva total, no estimulada, en 3 momentos: a) justo antes del ejercicio; b) inmediatamente después de cada serie, y c transcurridos 30 min después del ejercicio, para la medición del pH salival. También se tomaron muestras de lactato sanguíneo inmediatamente después de cada serie. Resultados: La variación del pH salival basal respecto al pH de la última serie es estadísticamente significativa en ambas sesiones (S1: p = 0,028; S2: p = 0,044). Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos sugieren una respuesta alcalinizante de las glándulas salivales durante la realización de ejercicio anaeróbico láctico. Sería interesante estudiar las modificaciones cualitativas en la composición de la saliva durante la realización de ejercicio anaeróbico y la prolongación del efecto de dichas modificaciones en el tiempo (AU)

Introduction: A low salivary pH is strongly associated with the incidence of dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine if high intensity anaerobic exercise could affect the salivary pH response, and to determine if there is correlation between salivary pH and blood lactate values. Additionally, we also aim to determine the state of oral health in anaerobic events athletes. Material and methods: Six healthy and physically active subjects, high-level athletes (3 men and 3 women; age 21.67 ± 5.32 years; weight 61 ± 7.18 kg; height 1.70 ± 0.05 m) performed a clinical trial consisting of two sessions of anaerobic lactic acid-producing exercise. Each session consisted of running the maximum number of sets of 300 meters at 90% of the individual maximal intensity. Non-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from all subjects at three different times: (I) before the exercise; (II) immediately after each 300 m set, and (III) 30 minutes after the exercise. Blood lactate was measured after each 300 m set to assess the anaerobic character of the test. Results: Salivary pH increased significantly after the exercise in both sessions of the study (S1: P = 0.028; S2: P = 0.044). Conclusion: Our results suggest that performing anaerobic lactic acid-producing exercise has an effect on saliva alkalinization. More research is needed to assess the qualitative modifications in saliva due to performing anaerobic exercise and their effect on dental health (AU)

Computation of interactive effects and optimization of process parameters for alkaline lipase production by mutant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using response surface methodology

Alkaline lipase production by mutant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 10,055 was optimized in shake flask batch fermentation using response surface methodology. An empirical model was developed through Box-Behnken experimental design to describe the relationship among tested variables (pH, temperature, castor oil, starch and triton-X-100). The second-order quadratic model determined the optimum conditions as castor oil, 1.77 mL.L-1; starch, 15.0 g.L-1; triton-X-100, 0.93 mL.L-1; incubation temperature, 34.12 ºC and pH 8.1 resulting into maximum alkaline lipase production (3142.57 U.mL-1). The quadratic model was in satisfactory adjustment with the experimental data as evidenced by a high coefficient of determination (R²) value (0.9987). The RSM facilitated the analysis and interpretation of experimental data to ascertain the optimum conditions of the variables for the process and recognized the contribution of individual variables to assess the response under optimal conditions. Hence Box-Behnken approach could fruitfully be applied for process optimization.

Soluciones de hipoclorito de sodio en Endodoncia y factores que varían la eficiencia de la solución / odium hypochlorite solutions in endodontics and efficiency factors that vary the solution

La irrrigación es un paso tan importante en la terapia endodóntica, igual que otro como la apertura, correcta instrumentación y la obturación. EL conocimiento de las propiedades químicas, factores que influyen en su eficiencia y la correcta utilización de la solución irrigadora, cumple un rol muy importante. La solución de hipoclorito de sodio, un liquido claro, pálido, verde amarillento, extremadamente alcalino de pH 11 a 12 y con fuerte olor clorino, fue utilizada por más de 70 años en endodoncia por su propiedades anti-bacteriana y de disolución de tejidos. Estas propiedades la convierten en la solución irrigadora más utilizada en endodoncia a pesar de algunas desventajas como la citotoxicidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las propiedades antibacteriana, disolución del tejido, debridamiento, lubricación y la baja tensión superficial de la solución, y los factores que aumentan la eficacia de la solución como temperatura, pH, concentración, activación ultrasónica y combinación con otras sustancias. El propósito de este trabajo es dar a conocer las propiedades de la solución de hipoclorito de sodio y los factores que afectan a la misma para poder disminuir sus ventajas como toxicidad manteniendo o aumentando sus ventajas como la disolución de tejidos y efectos antibacterianos.

Estudio sobre el caso de la producción creciente del tomate en los desiertos mediante el sistema agrario con poco insumo: desafíos en la zona costera del Perú / Study on the growing production case of the tomato in the deserts by the agrarian system with not much material: challenges in the Peru's coastal zone

En la actualidad, el tomate es la hortaliza de mayor consumo en el mundo, ya que su producción total al año alcanza los 130 millones de toneladas. La demanda ha ido aumentando significativamente por el creciente reconocimiento de su valor nutritivo, representado por el licopeno, entre otros. De hecho, la industria del tomate está generalmente concentrada en el área llamada la faja del tomate, situada en la zona semitropical, entre los 30 y 40° de latitud norte y los 30 y 40 grados de latitud sur. Sin embargo, nos parece difícil incrementar la producción del tomate aún más en esta zona, debido a la aguda competencia en torno a la distribución de recursos entre el tomate y otros productos agrícolas. En cambio, en la zona baja y tropical del Perú, situada entre los 0 y 30 grados, se ha reportado que la producción del pimiento páprika (que pertenece a la misma categoría botánica del tomate) ha prosperado exitosamente. Por otra parte, en la industria del tomate en el Perú, se han presentado diferentes fracasos consecutivos hasta el año 2000. No obstante, en el Proyecto ASKA (Proyecto Experimental de Tomate, realizado en la zona de Chavimochic, en Trujillo, con la participación de la Empresa Nacional KAGOME-Japón), llevado a cabo con la estrecha colaboración entre la industria del tomate y la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, se pudo comprobar que el cultivo del tomate industrial era factible en la costa peruana. Por otra parte, ICATOM, que no participó en dicho proyecto, logró éxitos en el cultivo del tomate industrial en el sur del Perú. En el presente trabajo, comparando el caso exitoso del pimiento páprika y los casos de fracaso en el cultivo del tomate industrial en el Perú, se espera señalar concisamente los factores que sirvan para que la industria del tomate en el Perú logre alcanzar éxitos, al mismo tiempo de obtener conocimientos e informaciones precisas relacionados con la producción del tomate a escala comercial en los desiertos peruanos.

Now, the tomato is the vegetable of more consumption in the world, since its total production a year reaches the 130 million tons. The demand has gone increasing significantly for the growing recognition of its nutritious value, represented by the licopeno, among other. In fact, the industry of the tomato is generally concentrated in the called area the strip of the tomato, located in the area semitropical, between the 30 and 40 grades of north latitude and the 30 and 40 grades of south latitude. However, we find difficult to increase the production of the even more tomato in this area, due to the sharp competition around the distribution of resources between the tomato and other agricultural products. On the other hand, in the low and tropical area of Peru, located in the grades 0-30, it has been reported that the production of the pepper paprika (that it belongs to the botanical same category of the tomato) has prospered successfully. On the other hand, in the industry of the tomato in Peru, they have shown up serial different failures until the year 2000. Nevertheless, in the Project ASKA (Experimental Project of Tomato, carried out in the area of Chavimochic, in Trujillo, with the participation of the National Company KAGOME-Japan), carried out with the narrow collaboration between the industry of the tomato and the National Agrarian University Molina, it could be proven that the cultivation of the industrial tomato was feasible in the Peruvian coast. On the other hand, ICATOM that did not participate in this project, achieved successes in the cultivation of the industrial tomato in the south of Peru. Presently work, comparing the successful case of the pepper paprika and the cases of failure in the cultivation of the industrial tomato in Peru, ...

Effect of alkaline ph on sealing ability of white mineral trioxide aggregate

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate microleakage of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) after its exposure to a range of alkaline environments during hydration.Study Design: Seventy single-rooted teeth were divided into 4 experimental and 2 control groups. All the teeth were instrumented, and their apices were resected. Root-end cavities were filled with WMTA in the experimental groups. In the control groups, root-end cavities were not filled. Root-end fillings were exposed to alkaline environments with pH values of 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, or 10.4 for 3 days. Microleakage was evaluated by bovine serum albumin.Evaluations were carried out at 24-hour intervals for 80 days. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and a post hoc Tukey test at the 0.05 level of confidence.Results: The number of days (mean ± standard deviation) needed for color change at pH values of 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, and10.4 were 78.53 ± 5.68, 80.00 ± 0.00, 68.93 ± 19.00, and 34.46 ± 12.73, respectively. The time needed for leakageto occur was significantly shorter in samples stored at a pH value of 10.4 (P<0.001).Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that pH values greater than 9.4 may jeopardizethe sealing ability of WMTA during hydration (AU)

Ph salival y su relacion con la periodontitis severa de pacientes adultos con síndrome de down / Salival ph related to severe periodontitis in adults down syndrome patient

Objetivo. Relacionar el pH salival con la periodontitis severa de pacientes adultos con síndrome de Down, comparados con un grupo control. Material y método. Es un estudio epidemiológico, observacional, analítico de casos y controles, de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 43 adultos entre 18 a 42 a más años con Síndrome de Down comparados en edad y género con 43 adultos sin síndrome de Down: 44,2% hombres y 55,8% mujeres. Se midieron los parámetros clínicos periodontales. El pH salival ha sido medido con un peachímetro digital. Los datos fueron analizados usando SPSS, versión 15. Resultados. El pH salival basal no estuvo asociado con la periodontitis que presentan los pacientes adultos con síndrome de Down. Tampoco hubo diferencia significativa de la periodontitis cuando se comparó con el grupo control (p > 0,05). El pH salival de los pacientes Down fue de 6,97 vs 6,99 de los pacientes del grupo control (p > 0,05). La periodontitis crónica severa localizada y generalizada tuvo mayor incidencia en pacientes con síndrome de Down. Hubo diferencia significativa comparada con el grupo control (p < 0,05). En el grupo Down [OR = 2,3 (0,4-12,8) [ (95% vs 1,6(0,3-9,4) ] grupo control (p>0,05). Conclusiones. El pH alcalino es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar periodontitis en adultos con síndrome de Down.

Objective. To relate the saliva pH with severe periodontitis in adult population with Down syndrome compared with a control group. Material and method. This is an epidemiological, observational, case-controls and transversal study. The sample was constituted by 43 adults without Down syndrome: 44.2% men and 55.8% women. Clinical periodontal parameters were measured. The saliva pH was measured using a digital pH meter. Data were analyzed by SPSS. 15. Results. Salival pH is not related to periodontitis of adults with Down Syndrome neither with control group, p>0.05 Down Syndrome adults showed a pH of 6.97 vs 6.99 of controls, p>0.05. Chronic severe periodontitis showed higher incidence, 23.3%, than 20% showed by control group. [OR = 2.3 (0.4 – 12.8) IC 95% vs 1.6 (0.3 – 9.4)] control group: p>0.05. Conclusions. Alkaline pH is a risk factor to raise periodontitis in Down syndrome adults.

Análise da formação de carbonato de cálcio pela reação do hidróxido de cálcio com diferentes veículos anestésicos / Analysis of calcium carbonate formation from the reaction of calcium hydroxide with different anesthetic vehicles

Objetivo: Avaliar in vitro a formação de carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) nas pastas de hidróxido de cálcio e seu pH, utilizando cinco veículos diferentes.Método: Foi utilizado o hidróxido de cálcio pró-análise e como veículos os anestésicos Septodont (mepivacaína 3% sem vasoconstritor), Mepiadre (mepivacaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000), Alphacaine (lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000) e Novocol (lidocaína a 2% com fenilefrina 1:2.500) e água destilada milliQ (Millipore) como controle. Ependorfes com hidróxido de cálcio (0,8g) foram misturados em agitador (Phoenix AP 56) com os solventes (0,8 mL) até obtenção de uma pasta homogênea e armazenados (37 ºC±1). Cada solução anestésica constituiu um grupo analisado em três períodos de tempo: inicio, sete e quatorze dias (n=9). A quantidade de (CaCO3) foi determinada através de titulometria (0,1N de H2SO4) e o pH das soluções anestésicas e das pastas aferidos através de phmetro (Micronal). Análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparações múltiplas com Schefee foram empregados para verificar o comportamento dos valores obtidos entre os tempos testados para cada grupo e entre os grupos entre si nos períodos de tempo.Resultados: O pH das pastas ficou entre 12,46 e 12,88 imediatamente após a mistura. O grupo controle apresentou um maior percentual de formação de CaCO3 aos 14 dias de armazenamento enquanto que Novocol e Alphacaine maior formação nos tempos iniciais e 7 dias. Os demais grupos (Scandicaine e Mepiadre) não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significante entre os períodos de tempo avaliados. No entanto, entre os grupos no mesmo período de tempo, apenas aos 7 dias foi possível observação de alteração estatisticamente significativa no anestésico Novocol. Conclusão: O pH das pastas se mostrou elevado (entre 12.46 e 12.88), imediatamente após a mistura e que houve a formação de (CaCO3) nas pastas de hidróxido de cálcio independente do veículo empregado.

Estabilidad temporal de mepivacaína al 1.5% alcalinizada / Alkalinized 1.5% mepivacaine stability over time

Objetivos: Estudiar la estabilidad en el tiempo de la mepivacaína alcalinizada en cuanto a valores de pH y formación de precipitados, ya que apenas existe información en la literatura acerca de la estabilidad temporal de este anestésico, y la información disponible aconseja alcalinizarla justo antes de su empleo. Material y métodos: Fueron preparadas tres jeringas (A, B y C) de 20 mL conteniendo mepivacaína al 1.5%. La jeringa A fue utilizada como control de pH, y las jeringas B y C fueron alcalinizadas adicionando 2 mL de bicarbonato al 8.4%. Fue medido el pH y calculado el porcentaje de base libre asociado en cada jeringa previamente a la alcalinización y posteriormente cada 10 minutos hasta completar una hora, salvo para la jeringa C en los últimos 30 minutos, que permaneció cerrada como control de fuga de CO2. Las soluciones fueron inspeccionadas visualmente durante todo el procedimiento para identificar eventuales precipitados macroscópicos y, tras la hora de estudio, fueron filtradas para indagar sobre la formación de precipitados microscópicos. Tras el filtrado, el pH de cada solución anestésica fue medido de nuevo. Resultados: Tras la alcalinización de la mepivacaína al 1.5% se produjo un aumento inmediato y significativo de los valores de pH y del porcentaje calculado de base libre en las jeringas alcalinizadas B y C con respecto a la de control A, y en todas las jeringas el pH permaneció muy estable durante una hora. Además, a los 60 minutos apenas existieron diferencias entre los valores de pH de las jeringas B y C, lo que indica que no se produjo fuga significativa de CO2. En este tiempo no hubo sospecha de formación de precipitados por inspección visual, y las mínimas diferencias encontradas entre los pesos secos de los filtros indican que no hubo formación de precipitados significativa (…) (AU)

PurposeIt is recommended to alkalinize mepivacaine just before employing it. However, data regarding alkalinized mepivacain estability over time are very scarce. The aim of this work was to investigate for pH stability and precipitation of alkalinized mepivacaine. Materials and Methods: Three syringes (A, B, C) containing 20mL of 1.5% mepivacaine each one were prepared. Syringe A served as pH control, and syringes B and C were alkalinized by adding 2mL of8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution. pH was measured into each syringe before alkalinization and every ten minutes lasting for one hour after. Associated free base percentage was calculated, except for the last 30 minutes for syringe C, which remained closed to serve as CO2 leakage control. Solutions were examinated by naked eyes looking for macroscopic precipitates, filtered after the procedure and the filters were weighed in order to looking for microscopic precipitates. After filtration pH was again measured. Results: Alkalinization resulted in immediate and significant increases in pH values and associated free base percentage of syringes B and C compared to syringe A. After that and for one hour pH values remained very stable. Besides, pH values between syringes B and C were very similar at 60 minutes, indicating no-significative leakage of CO2. The procedure was completed without evidence of precipitation by visual inspection, and differences between dry filters weights were minimalindicating no significative formation of microprecipitates. Conclusions: 1.5% mepivacaine solutions can be alkalinized and stored at room temperature in closed syringes for at least one hour before administration. In our opinion previous alkalinizationis much more convenient to daily clinical practice that actual recommendation of alkalinization just before use (AU)

Estudo da capacidade alcalinizante de tampões metabolizáveis em bovinos sadios / The alkalinizing effects of different metabolizable buffers in healthy steers

Seis novilhos mestiços, com cerca de 250kg e um ano de idade, foram infundidos, no decorrer de quatro horas, com cinco litros de diferentes soluções isotônicas de sais sódicos, com 150mM/l de bicarbonato, acetato, propionato, lactato L, lactato racêmico e cloreto (controle), em delineamento em quadrado latino (6x6). Análises hemogasométricas e do pH urinário foram determinadas no decorrer da infusão - zero, primeira e quatro horas - e após o seu término, na oitava hora. O pH do sangue foi maior nos animais infundidos com os tampões que nos infundidos com cloreto; teores mais elevados de bicarbonato e de excesso de ácido-base sanguíneos foram obtidos na quarta e oitava hora nos infundidos com bicarbonato e lactato; o mesmo ocorreu com a pressão de CO2 na oitava hora. Os resultados indicam que os tratamentos com Bicarbonato e lactato proporcionam acúmulo de tampões no sangue e geram discreta alcalose metabólica, compensada organicamente por leve retenção de CO2. a infusão com bicarbonato de sódio causa elevação do pH urinário

Six healthy crossbred yearling 250kg steers were infused intravenously, during four hours, with five liters of each of the six different isotonic solutions of sodium salts containing 150 mMol/l of the bicarbonate, acetate, propionate, L-lactate, D and L-lactate and chloride in a 6 x 6 latin square experimental design. Blood was collected from the jugular vein, anaerobically, for blood gas analysis, samples were obtained at different times throughout the infusion (zero, 1st, 4th and 8th h ). Urine was collect for determining the pH at the same schedule. Higher blood pH was found in cattle infused with all buffers than the chloride infused animals; higher level of blood bicarbonate and base excess were obtained at 4th and 8th h with bicarbonate and L-lactate, as well as with pCO2 at the 8th h. These results show that treatments with B and L lead to a slight accumulation of buffers in the blood, and generate a discrete metabolic alkalosis compensated organically by a small retention of CO2. Best alkalinizing effects are obtained by bicarbonate and L-lactato infusions. Bicarbonate infusions causes a high urinary pH